Grammar Assignment 5/8/2010

Noun-a word that refers to a person, (such as Ann or doctor), a place (such as Paris or city) or a thing, a quality or an activity (such as plant, sorrow or tennis.

ability	communications	handling	Monday	source
access	companies	hate	mutilation	sourer
accounts	company	Highway	nations	South Korea
addresses	computer	hours	net	space
adults	concern	incompetent	netizens	spree
aids	countries	ideas	nightmare	stake
aim	crime	impact	number	stock
amount	criminals	increase	organisations	students
analyzer	criticism	individuals	over time	subject
angers	culture	industry	overall	super
anti-virus	damage	influenced	overload	talents
apple	data	information	panic	telephone
April	days	inspiration	parents	today
arrival	disaster	internet	passwords	tool
Asia	display	items	pentagon	top
assassination	dog-eat-dog	Japanese	playground	Turkey
audience	doing	junk	post	UK
banks	effect	justifications	power	understanding
breach	E-mail	legacy	producers	users
British	environment	levels	pornography	violence
business	equilibrium	library	ranging	virus
causes	example	like	ramous	victims
champion	expertise	line	reputations	volumes
channel	feature	linked	research	waves
character	files	mail	revenge	way
characters	fingertips	manager	revolutionised	works
Chen (name)	form	mankind	risks	world
children	future	market	salespersons	year
claimed	giant	material	schools	youngsters
close	governments	Middle-East	shock
commission	grave	minds	sites
command	Gutter	minors	society
commitment	hackers	Misinformation	software

Type of Nouns

Abstract noun-a noun, for example goodness or freedom, that refers to an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object

ability	incompetent	talents	feature	risks
aim	ideas	super	expertise	revenge
concern	influenced	breach	character	like
criticism	inspiration	characters	justifications	minds
culture	panic	commitment	like	reputations
angers	Misinformation	command	minds	power
hate	nightmare	future	shock	legacy
violence	understanding

Common noun-a word such as table, cat, or sea, that refers to an object or a thing but is not the name of a particular person, place or thing

access	handling	spree	commission	material
adults	hours	stake	giant	minors
aids	increase	tock	close	society
analyzer	individuals	number	form	sites
assassination	information	impact	children	salespersons
audience	internet	criminals	fingertips	ranging
display	disaster	subject	files	producers
days	pentagon	top	example	post
arrival	items	tool	equilibrium	users
data	passwords	banks	environment	virus
apple	organisations	business	effect	volumes
damage	netizens	causes	levels	waves
crime	net	champion	library	way
computer	mutilation	channel	line	works
company	software	claimed	linked	year
accounts	source	Gutter	mail
communications	sourer	grave	manager
hackers	space	governments	market

Proper noun-a word that is the name of a person, a place, an institution, etc. and is written with a capital letter, for example Tom, Mrs Jones, Rome, Europe, the Rhine, the Houses of Parliament

April	Asia	Monday	Japanese	South Korea
Turkey	British	Chen (name)	E-mail	UK

Collective noun-a singular noun, such as committee or team, that refers to a group of people, animals or things and, in British English, can be used with either a singular or a plural verb. In American English it must be used with a singular verb

industry	addresses	nations	mankind	world
countries	amount	students	victims	Middle-East
companies	junk	parents	youngsters	schools

Compound noun-sometimes more than one noun. Is used together to form a name or to refer to an object or a person.

anti-virus	Highway	overload	telephone	revolutionized
dog-eat-dog	over time	playground	research
doing	overall	today	pornography

Verb-A verb is a word such as `sing', `feel', or `die' which is used with a subject to say what someone or something does or what happens to them, or to give information about them.

access	conducting	gives	make	revenge
address	considered	go	may	set
affect	created	gutter	need	shock
aim	damage	handle	net	source
be	deal	hate	operate	spreading
become	display	humiliate	overload	struck
brought	disseminate	ignore	panic	take
buy	engulf	impact	posted	threaten
call	feature	increase	protecting	tools
can	fielded	increasing	publish	unsolicited
causes	found	inculcate	reached	using
circulate	gaining	indicates	realising	want
close	generated	influenced	redefined
concern	get	junk	reported

 Multi-word verbs

Verbs need not be single words and there are a number of word groups that can be treated as single verbs, such as 'to put up with', 'to take off', 'to get by' and so on.
You can identify a verb by the ability to create an infinitive form, which starts with 'to'.

Main and auxiliary verbs

A sentence or phrase can have two interlocked verbs. The main verb gives the primary action, whilst the auxiliary verb adds subtle detail. Common auxiliary verbs include the verbs to be, to have, to do.

-I had fun.

-You will be happy.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that add 'mood', most commonly imperative and probability. These can be very useful in persuasive situations, as they cause people to think.

-You should think about this.

-It may rain tomorrow.

Modal verbs often appear in the subjunctive mood:

-I wouldn't do that if I were you.

Transitive verbs

A transitive verb acts on an object and hence connects the subject of a sentence with its object, and hence requires both to exist.

-I hit the nail. (transitive)

Adjectives-A word that describes a person or thing, for example big, red and clever in a big house, red wine and a clever idea. Adjectives usually come before nouns or after link verbs.

accessible	difficult	individual	overall	unnecessary
adults	dog-eat-dog	intended	own	unniversary
ailing	done	involved	persistent	unsolicited
available	erroneous	irresponsible	powerful	violent
black	everywhere	Japanese	prompted	working
broke	expensive	known	rampant	worthy
capable	explicit	large	regardless	young
certain	fast	latest	safe
contentions	giant	longer	secret
corporate	graphic	multinational	selfish
criminals	grave	material	smooth
crippled	gruesome	mere	super
cyber	inaccurate	net	ugly
dangerous	incompetent	numerous	understanding
detected	incorrect	only	unidentified

Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. It answers the question "Whose?"
Examples are: his, her, its, my, our, their, and your.

-You can share my rice.

-Have you seen their house?

-This is his room.

-They are our friends.

Demonstrative Adjectives

The demonstrative adjectives that, these, this, those, and what answer the question "Which?"

-I'm going to open that present.

-Whose is this bag?

-These mangoes are very sweet.

Interrogative Adjectives

The interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions. Examples are what, which and whose. 

-What movie do you want to see?

-Which leaves turn color first?

-Whose son is he?

Indefinite Adjectives

An indefinite adjective gives indefinite, or general, information. Often, it answers the question "How much?" Some common indefinite adjectives are all, any, each, every, few, many, and some

-Many children like dinosaurs.

- Did you want some bananas?

-Is there any water in the bottle?

Adverbs-A word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.

all	minor	only	today	worldwide
any	more	possibly	up
even	never	so	virtually
how	not	some	where
however	on	there	without

ADVERBS OF MANNER - These answer the question how? This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb:
-She speaks Italian beautifully.
-He works well.
-You must drive your car carefully.
-Eat quietly.

Possibly

virtually

worldwide

ADVERBS OF PLACE - These answer the question where? This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb:
-We saw you there.
-We were sitting here.
-We looked everywhere.
-I can't find them anywhere. 

there

where

how

ADVERBS OF TIME - These answer the question when? This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end.
-We haven't started yet.
-He still wears old-fashioned clothes.
-She is still a student.
-Compare these two sentences:
-The train still hasn't arrived.
-The train hasn't arrived yet. 

Today

However

So

even

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY - These answer the question how many times?

This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':
-She is always honest.
-Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:
-They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.
-Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense consisting of more than one verb:
-I have often wondered how they did that.
-I can sometimes go without food for days. 

any	more	minor	all	some
only	never	not	without

ADVERBS OF DEGREE - These answer the question to what extent? This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies:
-The bottle is almost full, nearly empty.
-They should be able to pass their exams quite easily. 

Up

On

Articles-Articles are words such as a, an and the. These words are actually adjectives, that is demonstratives adjectives.

a

an

the

Types of Articles:

Definite article:

The word ‘The’ is the definite article and it indicates that the noun that follows has already been defined in some way. The word ‘the’ should be used in the following types of sentences:

-When you know that the person to whom you are talking knows what particular thing / person you are talking about. For example: The banana you ate was rotten. Here, the listener knows that you are talking about banana, so you should use ‘the’ in the beginning of the sentence.

The

Indefinite article:

Indefinite articles are the words ‘a’ and ‘an’. They refer to some object not particularly known to the person to whom you are talking. The words ‘a and an’ are used in the following sentences.

-Before nouns, which introduce someone or something you have not mentioned earlier. For example,

-I ate an egg for lunch; I saw a fox this morning.

An

A

Pronouns-A word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier. Examples are `it', `she', `something', and `myself

all	many	own	these	who
any	more	some	this	you
both	most	that	what
each	one	them	when
it	others	there	which

Absolute Possessive Pronouns

·     These pronouns also show possession. Unlike possessive pronouns (see above), which are adjectives to nouns, these pronouns sit by themselves. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs are all absolute possessive pronouns. Examples:
-The tickets are as good as ours.
-Shall we take yours or theirs?

Reciprocal Pronouns

·     Reciprocal pronouns are used for actions or feelings that are reciprocated. The two most common reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. Examples:
-They like one another.
-They talk to each other like they're babies.

others

Reflexive Pronouns

·     A reflexive pronoun ends ...self or ...selves and refers to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. The reflexive pronoun are: myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself .Example:
-John bakes all the bread himself.

Own

Prepositions-A word or group of words, such as in, from, to, out of and on behalf of, used before a noun or pronoun to show place, position, time or method

after	before	from	on	to
amount	besides	in	out	via
as	by	into	since	with
at	for	of	than

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME

In English as in Spanish prepositions of time are used to indicate when an action happens and how much it last. All these prepositions answer the question “When?”. They are used with nouns and pronouns. Example

-Many shops don't open on Sundays.

- I visited Italy in July, in spring, in 1994

-It gets cold at night.

-England have not won the World Cup in football since 1966

- I'm just going to bed for an hour or so.

-The dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND LOCATION

In English as in Spanish these prepositions are used to specify the place or the location of aNoun. Example:

- I watch TV in the living-room

-I live in New York

-I met her at the entrance, at the bus stop

-Look at the picture on the wall

- The girl who is by / next to / beside the house.

- The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence.

-I hung my coat behind the door.

Conjunctions-A word or group of words that joins together words, groups, or clauses. In English, there are co-ordinating conjunctions such as `and' and `but', and subordinating conjunctions such as `although', `because', and `when'.

and	but	that	where
as	since	then	while
before	than	when

Compound conjunctions

Compound conjunctions come as phrases, where several words together act as a join. They typically end in 'as' or 'that'.

-I will come with you as long as you promise to buy me a drink.

Subordinating conjunctions

A Subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to the main clause. A subordinate clause has dependency on the main clause, and cannot stand alone.

-I will buy you a drink, although you do not deserve it.

Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions surround a word or phrase and show how the two phrases are correlated (often causally).

-I am so very rich that I will buy you a drink.

Pseudo-conjunctions

Sometimes other parts of speech can be act as conjunctions.

-I'll call you directly I get home. (adverbial conjunction)

-I'll call you the instant I get home. (nominal conjunction)

-I'll call you, seeing as you are here. (verbal conjunction)

Punctuations-Is the use of symbols such as full stops or periods, commas, or question marks to divide written words into sentences and clauses.

Full stop ( . )	Semi colon ( ; )	Apostrophe ( ‘ )
Comma ( ,)	Colon ( : )	Quations Marks ( “ “ )
Question mark ( ? )	Exclamation mark ( ! )	Single quation marks (‘ ’ )
Hypen ( - )	Brackets (  )	Dash (--)

Plural-a form of a noun or verb that refers to more than one person or thing

computer	levels	child	other
angers	school	parents	data

Singular- a form of a noun or verb that refers to one person or thing

arrival	organizations	has	rumours
waves	society	space	communication

Simple present tense- to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:

-I play tennis.

-She does not play tennis

-Does he play tennis?

-The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.

 -The train does not leave at 9 AM

has

become

go

is

are

Simple past tense- to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples:

- I saw a movie yesterday.

-I didn't see a play yesterday

-Last year, I traveled to Japan.

-Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

-Did you have dinner last night?

posted	brought	created	damaged
needed	generated	reached	generated
was	reported	influenced	unsolicited

Present continuous tense- Use the Present Continuous with normal verb to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Examples:

-You are learning English now.

-You are not swimming now.

-Are you sleeping?

- I am sitting.

-I am not standing.

Past comtinous tense- Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:

- I was watching TV when she called.

-When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

-While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

-What were you doing when the earthquake started?

Present perfect tense- We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:

- I have seen that movie twenty times.

-I think I have met him once before.

-There have been many earthquakes in California.

-People have traveled to the Moon.